Semiparametric Inference With Correlated Recurrence Time Data Statist

Questions: Part I Research Paper Annotated Bibliography This piece of the task will comprise of a clarified writing audit. Sources ought to incorporate distributed exact exploration identifying with the subject (e.g., peer surveyed scholarly articles), exchange diary articles, industry reports, government reports, and additionally outsider data sources (e.g., Hoovers on the web). On the off chance that sources with realized predisposition are utilized (e.g., organization sites), the inclination must noted and the source be appropriately offset different viewpoints giving an option view.Format/OutlineI. Presentation: A clarification of the choice to be made (or issue illuminated or issue tended to). A portrayal of the planned outcomes of the process.II. Source List: A depiction of the wellsprings of data that will be used in arriving at the choice. (See below)III. Determination: A synopsis that integrates the wellsprings of data to exhibit a thorough covering of the important data. As a componen t of the determination, an increasingly formalized and explicit issue articulation will be created, alongside a testable hypothesis.Content/Detail:A least of eight sources will be investigated and portrayed. (Note: while the utilization of public statements and news media outlines is allowed, they won't check toward the required sources.)For each source, you should exhibit the importance of the material to the choice to be made. That is, you should decide how believable consider pyramid proof the source is as it identifies with the issue. On the off chance that the source gives an account of essential examination (e.g., an observational investigation), at that point you should depict/sum up that exploration and give an appraisal of its outcomes including an assessment of the ends. For every single optional source, you ought to distinguish any wellsprings of inclination and report on how the predisposition may influence the ends. I will assess each source (and your portrayal of it) s eparately with respect to its pertinence to the choice to be settled on (and your detailing of the choice to be made). That is, it will be assessed with respect to what data it gives that will empower an educated choice to be made. I will assess the aggregate assemblage of sources to the degree that they, as a gathering, are probably going to give the vital data to settle on an educated choice. Part II Research DesignThis some portion of the task will comprise of a depiction of essential, applied/exact, research (for example client or potential client studies) to address the particular data necessities of the circumstance. This is a portrayal of applied examination to be led to give information that will aid the dynamic for your relegated problem.You will depict: 1) the particular data to be gathered (i.e., the variable(s) to be estimated), 2) the importance of the data to the choice procedure, and 3) the approach by which the data will be gathered (the exploration structure). The t echnique is the place the analyst distinguishes the particular advances that will be taken to gather the data expected to address the exploration questions. The plan of a fair-minded examination technique is the focal point of the second piece of this course. It is basic that you comprehend, and can control, the expected wellsprings of predisposition in a study.Format:I. IntroductionAn clarification of the choice to be made (or issue understood or issue tended to). A clarification with respect to what data will be created and how that data would be utilized to aid the choice procedure for the issue alloted. This segment ought to give an away from of the ideas to be considered and the factors that will be measured.II. Examination PlanA portrayal of the system/research plan.III. ConclusionA rundown that integrates the wellsprings of data (From both Part I and Part II of this term task) to exhibit a complete covering of the pertinent data. Note: the finish of the paper can't, for evide nt reasons, present the consequences of your proposed research. In any case, it should introduce a synopsis of how the data to be picked up will advise the choice to be made. Answers: Part I: Research paper Annotated Bibliography Presentation This segment of the investigation underscored on appraisal on past examination business related to music beat and its effect on clients food utilization. While there were a few examinations have been performed by research researchers, every one of the investigation has certain restrictions. Simultaneously, thinking about the particular case situation, it is likewise important to inspected past attempts to make any suggestion. In this way, this investigation was performed. Here, eight researcher articles have been considered and shown the importance of the material to the choice to be made. As it were, it very well may be said that this investigation has indicated a pathway through which further examination can be executed with uncommon reference to given case situation. Source List As referenced over, this segment of the investigation has dissected a rundown of past works identified with the examination region to help the scientist in settling on an educated choice. With the assistance of this appraisal of past works, the specialist attempted to recognized the current holes so the ebb and flow exploration can show the technique that café networks can embrace identified with utilization of music. Source 1: Stroebele, N., de Castro, J. M. (2006). Tuning in to music while eating is identified with increments in individuals' food admission and supper length. Craving, 47(3), 285-289. While considering the examination executed by Stroebele and Castro (2006), it tends to be said that they have executed this investigation to comprehend in the case of listening music while eating will build the food utilization just as length of the dinner. As indicated by this examination discovering, it has become certain that the music accessibility will essentially impact the food utilization just as food consumption. Notwithstanding, the beat of the music didn't affect that much. Once more, the examination strategy has uncovered that they have considered undergrad as the example of this investigation. Along these lines, starting here of view, it very well may be contended that the examination was closed dependent on a particular objective gathering of individuals. Since, the café clients not limited in undergrads, regardless of whether the discoveries will stay same for all gathering of clients, can't be said. In this way, further investigation is required thinking about bigger example with all gatherings of individuals. Source 2: Harrington, R.J., Ottenbacher, M.C., Staggs, A. furthermore, Powell, F.A., 2012. Age Y Consumers Key Restaurant Attributes Affecting Positive and Negative Experiences. Diary of Hospitality Tourism Research, 36(4), pp.431-449. Once more, the examination executed by Harrington (2012) whenever considered, at that point likewise it tends to be noticed that the investigation chiefly attempted to embody whether music in eateries changed visitor conduct as far as food utilization or not. This examination additionally stressed explicit beat of the music. Be that as it may, not at all like the previously mentioned examination, this investigation considered two diverse sub contemplates. The first has been directed in an easygoing café in Germany, while the subsequent one acted in a reproduced eatery setting coordinated with cordiality educational program in the USA. This examination has uncovered that there were two distinct outcomes during lunch and dinning period. Given that the menu stays same; such contrast has been called attention to. While the music stays consistent, the food spending during supper was decidedly affected by the age. Be that as it may, during noon there was no such impact. In contrast to the above examination, however this specific investigation has considered diverse age gathering of individuals, the investigation didn't accentuate on quality observation, fulfillment, even utilization design. In this way, further investigation may put light on such territories. Source 3: Jacob, C., Guguen, N., Boulbry, G. (2010). Impacts of tunes with prosocial verses on tipping conduct in an eatery. Global Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 761-763. While considering the investigation executed by Jacob, Gueguen and Boulbry (2010), it very well may be said that the examination was performed to test the impact of melodies with prosocial verses on tipping conduct of the clients. For this reason an example of 786 clients was viewed as less than 3 conditions. The trial was directed for about a month and a half two times every day, 3 sort of mood melodies (prosocial verses, nonpartisan verses and standard conditions) were played. As per the examination discoveries, it very well may be contended that playing melodies with prosocial verses caused more noteworthy helping conduct of clients. Simultaneously, the investigation likewise uncovered that the normal pace of clients tipping the servers is more when tunes with prosocial verses are played contrasted with when melodies with unbiased verses are played. This investigation was led under regular setting where clients were presented to numerous different occasions. Later examinations hav e discovered that tuning in to melodies with prosicial verses increment helping propensity of clients as well as brings forth a prosocial feeling in them. Yet, these examinations were performed under research facility conditions where clients were exclusively affected by the melodies not under some other occasions dissimilar to this investigation. Thus, starting here of view, it has become certain that further examination should be directed with considering the nature setting. Source 4: Demoulin, N. T. (2011). Music congruency in an assistance setting: The interceding job of enthusiastic and subjective reactions. Diary of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(1), 10-18. While considering the exploration done by Demoulin (2011), it very well may be clarified that the point of this examination was to comprehend the music congruency in a help setting. As per the discoveries made by the creator, the shopping conduct is influenced by store air. So as to play out this investigation, the creator has incorporated a model, which expected that clients feelings impact their shopping conduct. As per their Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) Model, t

The United States Supreme Court Marbury v Madison

Presentation The instance of Marbury v Madison 5 U.S 137 (1830) is one of the most striking cases in the United States. Throughout the years, researchers have introduced differing sees concerning the legitimacy of legal survey as one of the jobs of the Supreme Court and its impact on partition of forces between the legal executive and congress.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The United States Supreme Court: Marbury v Madison explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Justice Robert H. Jackson underscores the difficulty that the legal audit process makes by conceding the legal executive capacity to invalidate laws passed by the delegate body of the administration in this manner restricting the intensity of the dominant part to administer the nation. Then again, legal audit gives a road through which the legal executive gives governing rules to the assembly, subsequently guaranteeing adherence of laws to the constitution. Constitution producers in the Uni ted States pick the restricted lion's share rule alternative as their favored belief system. This paper investigates contentions by Lawrence Baum and Timothy Johnson on the legitimacy of this decision. The creators talk about issues with respect to the dynamic procedure in the Supreme Court and its impacts on administrative strategies. As I would see it, constrained dominant part rule benefits all parts of government just as the individuals that the foundations serve. It additionally guarantees that individuals from congress authorize arrangements that address the requirements of the American culture rather than individual needs of the legislators, along these lines making it the better choice of the two decisions as clarified in this paper. Contentions on the side of constrained dominant part rule Lawrence Baum in his book, The incomparable Court, clarifies that the one of the fundamental issues creating discussion with in regards to the job of the Supreme Court is the way that the job concedes the court the capacity to invalidate laws made by congress. With all due respect of the usage of legal audit, he causes to notice a qualification between the desire of the lion's share regarding the general public and the desire of the larger part concerning the individuals from the assembly. He expresses that the vast majority of the researchers who present conclusions against legal survey frequently disregard the distinction between the two ideas of the term lion's share in their examination of circumstances. As he would like to think, resolutions that neglect to agree to the protected arrangements regularly speak to the desire of the dominant part as far as individuals from the governing body and note with reference with the American individuals (Baum 32). He states further that in situations when the desire of both the general public and individuals from Congress is apparent the Supreme Court frequently gives its help through its decisions.Advertising Looking for a rticle on protected law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, during occurrences when it is obvious that the desire of the lion's share just speaks to the desire of the agents of the individuals and not simply the individuals, the legal audit makes an edge where the courts can secure the premiums of the American individuals by restricting the intensity of the larger part (Baum 38). On account of Marbury v Madison, the court gave its purpose behind excusal of the appeal as repugnancy of the rule, which gave the premise to the request. For the situation, President John Adams selected William Marbury Justice of the Peace for the District of Columbia. It was the obligation of the Secretary of State at that point, James Madison, to convey the commission to Marbury. Be that as it may, Madison would not convey the commission, in this manner inciting Marbury to request of to the Supreme Court looking for requests to drive Madis on to convey the commission despite the fact that the court found that Madison acted unlawfully by neglecting to convey the commission, it eventually controlled against Marbury. he court found that the arrangement of the Judiciary Act, under which Marbury had requested, was illegal as it expanded the court’s unique ward set up under Article III of the constitution. The article built up the legal branch just as forces the branch should work out. The court excused the request and clarified that it had no commitment to keep a resolution made by Congress that made arrangements in opposition to those of the constitution. Boss Justice John Marshall saw the arrangements of the resolution as disgusting and in this way unacceptable in deciding the case. An examination of the case with Baum’s contention on the element comprising the dominant part uncovers that legal survey for this situation constrained the standard of the individuals from Congress instead of the American indivi duals. Baum guards the constraint of dominant part rule for this situation by expressing that the court likewise assumes the job of protecting the respectability of the constitution as a major aspect of its execution. As indicated by Baum, the constitution frames the key law that lays ground for the age of the remainder of the laws in any general public. In his investigation of the issue, he includes that the constitution speaks to the crucial arrangements that characterize a general public and administer its reality. In this manner, whatever other approaches that neglect to consent to the arrangements of the constitution flop in their portrayal of the lion's share (Baum 60). In his point of view in this way, invalidation of such rules by courts brings about the insurance of the desire of the individuals instead of its impediments. As per this defense, legal audit limits greater part rule in cases when the lion's share is an element other than the American open and is consequently l egitimate.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The United States Supreme Court: Marbury v Madison explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the contentions that administrators have progressed against this point of view of the dominant part decide is that the lawmaking body goes about as an agent element of the individuals in government and along these lines the sculptures it authorizes speak to the desire of the individuals. Baum clarifies that despite the fact that the governing body speaks to its electorates, the choices singular individuals from Congress make are in some cases demonstrative of individual interests and conflict with the established arrangements. He demands that the court’s command in regards to legal survey works basically as per the defendability of a rule (Baum 65). Another contention that a few researchers advance against the restriction of larger part decide is that courts utilize legal survey to direct laws and ma ke open doors for the making of different laws ideal for the foundation. This contention stems out of the reason that a portion of the strategies that the legal executive uses to decipher rules permit it to exceed its order and accept the intensity of the lawmaking body. Such researchers note that one of the safeguards the legal executive gives for such activity is the nonappearance of administrative arrangements on certain issues and ambiguity in others. They include that by restricting the dominant part rule, the courts energize the steadiness of such insufficiencies and along these lines make a situation that permits them to ‘create’ laws through case law and control the course wherein Congress makes laws. For example Timothy Johnson, creator of Oral Arguments and Decision Making in the United States Supreme Court, makes reference to the utilization of points of reference as one of the strategies judges of the Supreme Court apply when deciphering resolutions and deci ding. He clarifies that the utilization of the rule of points of reference on the off chance that law requires judges of the Supreme Court to consider choices the court has made before, showing comparative realities under comparable conditions. By and large, attorneys additionally utilize this standard to help their cases and make convincing contentions (Johnson 43). In spite of the fact that the contention bears some reality, it is basic to value that legal audit looks for not to shorten the capacity of the council to make laws, yet it just forestalls the use of disgusting rules because of their illegality. Johnson clarifies that despite the fact that the Supreme Court once in a while puts together a portion of its choices with respect to case law, it aggregately considers different variables including legal law.Advertising Searching for article on established law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More He includes that case law regularly serves to clear questions with respect to the use of certain legal arrangements in situations where the arrangements bear more than one significance (Johnson 52). Baum’s commitment in regards to the utilization of case law in dynamic is that it makes some consistency and wipes out the chance of conflicting use of the law by the Supreme Court. Actually, the component of consistency in the use of case law makes the plan of legal laws simpler as it permits officials to spot holes in authoritative arrangements and roll out proper improvements, unavoidably. He underlines that the Supreme Court can't make laws and along these lines depends on the contribution of Congress in correcting legal insufficiencies (Baum 72). In situations where Congress neglects to recognize such holes in enactment, the courts keep on utilizing case law. It is likewise essential to take note of that the initiation of case law pertinent as points of reference consistently depends on existing laws. Any significant adjustment in the legal arrangements on which such case law is established evokes plan of new case law, which fuses the present changes. The old cases just serve to convince the court on purposes of law. End It is significant that the judiciary’s capacity to invalidate laws passed by Congress just hurries to the degree of the unlawfulness of such laws. This arrangement guarantees that the legal executive additionally remains inside its command and doesn't stretch out its order to incorporate creation laws through objection to laws that don't speak to the institution’s int

Blog Archive Mission Admission Background Check Anxiety

Blog Archive Mission Admission Background Check Anxiety Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. ROMA: Were you the guy who broke in? GEORGE: …no. ROMA: Then don’t sweat it, George, you know why? GEORGE: No. ROMA: You have nothing to hide. GEORGE: When I talk to the police, I get nervous. ROMA: Yeah. You know who doesn’t? GEORGE: No, who? ROMA: Thieves. -David Mamet, Glengarry Glen Ross (Screenplay 1992) For many applicants, the worst of the admissions process is now over. But at this stage, a new anxiety looms: the background check. Should the majority of candidates be concerned about background checks? The simple answer is “No.” The admissions committees know that almost all candidates have represented themselves in an honest manner. Thus, background checks are not designed to bring accusations against the innocent, but are instead designed to catch those who have willfully deceived. What does that mean, exactly? If you have indicated that you were at a job that never existed or have changed your title from analyst to vice president, you just might have a problem on your hands and a reason to sweat. If you accidentally noted that you left your job in January instead of February, no one is going to rescind your offer. You are certainly innocent until proven guilty, and the burden of guilt is not on the applicant who may have committed a minor error, but on the one who attempted to misrepresent or defraud. Rest easy… Share ThisTweet Mission Admission

Teaching Aptitude - 2443 Words

TEACHING APTITUDE Teaching is a complex process which brings socially desirable behavioural change in a person. Teaching is a part of teaching-learning process. It is required to bring certain changes in a person according to the need of his society and environment in which he is living. Teaching is not an act as it is dynamic in nature so it is termed as process. It is also not a fundamental concept as it is greatly influenced by social and human factors. Teaching is both art and science. It is an activity involving teacher and student with a view to the development of student. The main aim of teaching is to bring about socially desirable behavioural changes in the students and can be achieved only if teaching is effective and based†¦show more content†¦the thinking capacity of mind of students. (iii) Reveals objectives, and give education to the people. (iv) Say something about its organisational tripolar process involving educator, educant and structural aspect. and social milieu. The educand is deperident According to this analysis we can define variable of education whereas educator is teaching as a-tripolar process involving human independent variable. Social milieu is required or material source of teaching students and a for the direction of education. Education should set of organised activities designed and develop intellectual, moral, aesthetic, manipulated for bringing changes in the democratic, material and economic life to make behaviour of the taught our country a leading force. Hard work and Since teaching is a process and it is mental alertness should be the first requisite of dynamic in nature so it changes its concept the educational training according to time and place. It is a professional . The teacher has to provide intellectual and activity. Teaching can be analysed and social leadership. He is to follow a curriculum assessed. This analysis and assessment ,but his task is beyond this. He acts as an idea provides feedback for further improvement in for his students. He has to follow the way of methods of teaching. Teaching is highly simple life with great thinking, His morale dominated by communicatiom skill It should be high. He must be competent. His interactive processShow MoreRelatedStrategies for Test Taking and Their Effects Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesBelcher (1985) maintained that test score reflects both the knowledge and aptitude of test takers and the ability of using the characteristics and format of test effectively (as cited in Pour-Mohammadi and Zainol Abidin 2012). Popham Madaus (1987) and Romberg, Williams, Zarrinnia (1989) defined testing as high stakes, because they influence both local and state administrators’ decisions about curriculum, appropriate programs, learners’ promotion (as cited in Herman, Dreyfus, Golan 1990). Pour-MohammadiRead MoreSample Resume : The Livecareer Skills Assessment1440 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude your interest, personality, values, knowledge, skills and abilities. Interest In searching for careers, most people match their career are happier at work, with more confidence and remain with their chosen profession (â€Å"Career Test, Free Career Aptitude Test, livecareer.com†, n.d.). The basic interest profile outlines the level of interest in different occupations. In reviewing my interest scores, the following three work styles, include being assertive, systematic, and persuasive in which the readerRead MoreEffects Of Lack Of Resource Materials For Students1671 Words   |  7 Pagesdepends on the suitability of the instructional material, adequacy and effective utilization of the available materials. Without use of teaching resources like charts, posters, chalk and board, blocks games and other play materials, students face frustration and failure in learning of mathematics (Mercer Miller, 2003). Inadequate use or lack of resource material in teaching negates the learning of students in mathematics. †¢ Effectiveness of mathematics teachers Teacher must have the necessary knowledgeRead MoreRecommendation Letter For Alicia Panganiban896 Words   |  4 Pagesedits, interaction with publishing houses, and collaborative conversations for shaping the content to the audience. She has successfully dealt with student concerns and evaluated students’ assignments. Alicia’s enthusiasm, initiative, creativity, aptitude, eagerness to learn, critical thinking, and trainability surfaced in her writing and project proposals. She has assisted in preparing the syllabus, course content, and class discussion to be Blackboard ready on time and to the highest standard. Read MoreTeaching Language Through 4f Approach1767 Words   |  8 PagesAmit Joshi Research Scholar Teaching Language through 4F Approach Following more than sixty years of independence, the status of English language in rural India, predominantly in Rajasthan, is poor. Even after a decade’s learning in school, students are not able to bring into play English aptly to meet up their requirements. Various reasons can be accommodated for this apologetic state however my concern stretches out with the discovery of best possible way out which serves as a step forwardRead MoreThe Role Of Culture Of Teaching Foreign Languages1518 Words   |  7 Pages The role of culture in teaching foreign languages There are a lot of cultures in the World. All of them have their own values. It is very interesting to note that the culture we belong to affects how we think, interact, communicate and transmit knowledge from generation to generation. The aptitude to ask and answer questions based on our own culture enables the process of making connections across cultures. It is worth pointing out that English teachersRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Efl Learners Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pages2016BTHE REFLECTION PAPER OF ADVANCED TEACHING METHODOLOGYInstructor: Nguyen Thu Huong, PhD.Student’s name: Ä o Thi Hoang Yen Student’s ID: 166014011160 HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 9 TH, 2016 During the first six sessions of advanced teaching methodology course, we discussed six main issues namely the characteristics of EFL learners, language teaching approaches, language acquisition and learning, the process of teaching language systems, presenting Read MoreImportance Of Communication Skills In The American Workforce1856 Words   |  8 Pagesguide learners to advance their level of proficiency in English. There are various perspectives which this goal is achieved. First, the student’s attitude is determined because it enables the assessment of the effectiveness of the method used for teaching students about the English language (The National Commission on Writing 17). Syllabus designers and researchers can thus determine the response of the students by assessing their needs and beliefs and learning styles that can act as key considerationRead MoreRationale The Place Of Modern Foreign Languages Essay1995 Words   |  8 Pagesto foreign words along with multi-sensory and auditory approaches to teaching MFL help to stimulate this intellectual skill which eventually helps the topic being learned to become embedded within the brain. â€Å"Students who study foreign languages tend to score better on standardized tests than their monolingual peers, particularly in the categories of maths, reading, and vocabulary†. (Anne Merritt, 2013). These cognitive aptitudes gained from learning a second language already start to explain andRead MoreUnderstanding 21st Century Skills† in English Language Classrooms3761 Words   |  16 Pagesof the 21st century Skills movement which is helping to redefine the goals of general education for today’s world. â€Å"21st Century Skills† is commonly refers to a growing global movement for redefining the goals of education, to transform every day teaching and learning practices, and to expand the range of measures that are being implemented for student achievement, all in order to meet the new demands of the 21st Century. In other words the main thrust of this movement is to make learners a productive

Organizational Behavior - 3057 Words

Organizational Behavior Analysis Latron Moore BUS610: Organizational Behavior Instructor: Rachana Misraraj December 10, 2012 Organizational Behavior Analysis Organizational Behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. â€Å"Organizational behavior is a misnomer. It is not the study of how organizations behave, but rather the study of individual behavior in an organizational setting. This includes the study of how individuals behave alone, as well as how individuals behave in groups(Werthiem, 2004).† The purpose of organizational behavior is to gain a greater understanding of those factors that influence individual and†¦show more content†¦But when everyone clocks in in the morning, we are all one cohesive group, who knows that the main goal is to come to work, be safe, respect your fellow co-worker, get the job done in a professional manner, and most importantly be in the best interest of the tax payers and the town in general, while at the same time excepting who each individual is a person, where they come from, and their cultural differences. This in fluences the company in a positive manner because, it incorporates good behavior on the job, respect for the job, positive progress for the people participating at the job, and goal completion. Modes of communication (Describe the dominant communication form used, e.g.written or verbal) â€Å"Communication consists of transmitting, receiving, and processing information. In organizations, communications flow between individuals, between levels in the organizational hierarchy, between departments, and between the company and outside publics. Effective communication has often been linked to interpersonal and company success (Baak, 2012).† Communication is of high importance on any job, especially the one that I work for, due to the risks that are associated with the work and projects that we take on. Even though we may use written communication from time to time, describing what our daily goals and tasks are, verbal communication is the dominant mode of communication throughout the organization. Whether it be verbal or non verbal, bothShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Citizenship Behavior4841 Words   |  20 PagesTable of contents: Page # 1. Literature Review 1 1.1. What are Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) 1 1.2. OCB and its link with Organization 3 1.3. How OCB’s are exhibited by employees 4 1.4. Importance of OCB 5 1.5. Effect of OCB on employees 6 2. Introduction to Organization 6 2.1. Allied Bank Limited 7 2.2. Meezan Bank Limited 7 2.3. First Women’s Bank 7 2.4. MCB 7 3. Findings and resultsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1284 Words   |  6 PagesBachelor of Business Administration (Hons) Course Title : Organizational Behavior Course Code : BUS 250 Year of Study : 2 Number of Credits : 3 credits Duration in Weeks : 12 weeks Contact Hours Per Week : 3 hours Pre-requisite Course(s) : BUS 120 Principles and Practice of Management Course Aims The course provides students with a conceptual and a pragmatic approach to understand the employees’ behavior in the organization. This course equips students with the knowledgeRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1387 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Behavior Michael J. Bonnie CJA444 June 5, 2014 Eddie Gordon Organizational Behavior Organizational behavior is the study of how employee’s behavior interacts within an agency’s work environment. It includes many subjects which include sociology, communication, psychology, and management. Its primary purpose is to review and report in the ever expanding study in criminal justice organizational behavior areas in the workforce. This discussion focuses on the forces of change andRead MoreEssay Organizational Behavior1057 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Organizational behavior: Organizational behavior refers to the attitudes and behavior of the individuals in the organization. Organizational behavior is a inter-disciplinary field of study that draws from many of the behavioral sciences. The goal of organizational behavior is to apply the concepts from the other behavioral sciences to pressing problems that management may be facing, as well as applying organizational behavior to the administrative theory and practicesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Human Behavior1217 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational behavior studies the impact of groups, individuals, and structures have on the personal human behavior within many organizations. There is many different definitions of organizational behavior, but they are all relatively the same in all cases. â€Å"Organizational behavior studies organizations from multiple viewpoints, including behavior within the organization and in relation to other organizations (Boundless.com).† This is not just the study o n one organization, but the study withinRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : Organization Behavior2093 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Organization behavior is the study and application of information regarding how an individual or group of people within an organization behaves. According to John Schermerhorn author of the book Organizational Behavior Twelfth Edition, organizational behavior is the key characteristic used to maintain and enhance interaction levels amongst employees within a company (Schermerhorn, 2011). There are additional characteristics such as leadership, openness to confer in relation to issuesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organizational Behaviour1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe above drawn figure shows about organisational behaviour. It highlights the bonding among human behaviour in organizational settings, the individual - organization interface, the organization, the environment surrounding the organization. In an organization each and every individual brings its own experience, managerial and effective skills. Classical Organizational theory:- Popovich (2010) said that in this theory, the concentration mainly goes in how an organization can be structured inRead MoreOrganizational behavior1577 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior: An Analysis of Helm Fire and Rescue Company Introduction Organizational Behavior is referred to as the study of individuals and their relative behavior subject to the existing organizational environment. The concept applies in a diverse workplace setting in different ways and had diverse impacts to the organization. Organizational behavior field includes communication, sociology, psychology, and management. The concept is subject to both internal and external factors affectingRead MoreOrganizational Behavior5621 Words   |  23 PagesChapter 1 - The Field of Organizational Behavior Multiple Choice Questions 1. Pharmacia is an example of a company that: a. experienced culture clashes as a result of a merger. b. ignored technological advances to its harm. c. is a great employer in terms of human resources, but an unprofitable company. d. focused on balance sheets rather than human resources. Answer a Page 2 2. _____ is a structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together toRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Organisational Behavior2512 Words   |  11 PagesNowadays with the new millennium speeding towards us and competitive advantage more rapidly than ever, organisational behavior is one of the most direct relevance study for deeper understanding of management context. Indeed, it’s about how people organised and managed at work, which contains the study of leadership, motivation and organisational design to examine human behaviour in relation to various psychological, social and political conditions. The purpose of study this subject from regulatory

Outline Of The Policy On The Aging Population - 2644 Words

ELDER ABUSE Jennifer Stastny Final Policy Issue Paper May 14, 2015 ABSTRACT Policy changes are needed in order to provide senior citizens with a safe, quality living environment free from abuse. Changes at federal, state, and local governments are needed to provide the best possible support and series to the aging population. With the significant increase of older Americans their likelihood of being taken advantage of and mistreated has risen a great amount. This vulnerable population does not deserve this kind of treatment. We need to be doing whatever it takes to provide these people with quality health care to ensure safety and good quality of life. This means increasing funding, continuing education for providers and other related professions, harsher punishments for violators, and strict laws requiring background checks and health assessments before being allowed to care for an elderly person. The aging population is at high risk of being taken advantage of and mistreated by a caregiver or family member. Elders are the most vulnerable group of people and are subject to elder abuse in their later years of life. The Administration of Aging refers to elder abuse as the knowing, intentional, or negligent act that causes harm or serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult. Every year, hundreds of thousands of older adults are abused, neglected, and exploited. Unfortunately, a trusted caregiver or a loved one commits most of these heinous acts.Show MoreRelatedEcon2103 Tutorial Questions1354 Words   |  6 PagesLectures The second half of the course will look at some of the challenges, complex questions and conflicting forces faced by government in designing and implementing policy. The lectures will examine the issues faced by government in the areas of (1) redistribution of income (2) taxation (3) affordable housing (4) aging of the population (5) privatisation ( 6) wage regulation Lecture Schedule Lectures start in Week 1and finish in Week 12. Location: Monday 5 – 7pm CLB5 The lecturer for Weeks 7-12Read MoreIs Ageism Against The Older People Could Potentially Be Reversed Through The Participation Of A Lifespan Human Development Course1620 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor examine if negative attitudes towards older people could potentially be reversed through the participation in a Lifespan Human Development Course. He states that research findings shows that a prevailing factor that is affecting the elder population today is ageism. Researchers found, that the younger generation, 35 years and younger, are judgmental and in many cases disrespectful and hold some form of prejudice towards older adults. Older adult are often described in negative way and labelledRead MoreEuropes Aging Population : Europe1400 Words   |  6 PagesEurope’s Aging Population Europe provides a well-documented example of a developed region experiencing an aging population. Carone et al. (2005) say that over the coming decades, the number of people aged 65 and over in the EU is predicted to double, as a result the old age dependency ratio will change to 2:1, meaning that for every two people of working age there will be one aged 65 or older. The scale of the aging population is compounded by the region’s low fertility, with member states averagingRead MoreTutorial 4 Notes Essay664 Words   |  3 PagesNotes Tutorial 4: Japan: Changing business environment - growth, stagnation and Abenomics 1. Outline very briefly the main factors that led to the bubble economy of the 1980s and its crash? The appreciation of the Yen following the Plaza Accords under US pressure and the policy responses. ï‚ · Japanese industries lost international competitiveness and the economy slowed. The government loosened monetary policies to counteract this and stimulate the economy. ï‚ · The supply of money expanded, this moneyRead MoreA Solution For Homelessness1646 Words   |  7 PagesDepartment of Housing and Urban Development, 2011). And based on a local study done by the Mental Health Unit at the Houston Police Department in 2011, Houston has the largest homeless population in Texas and the eighth largest in the United States. While many great efforts have been put forth to aid the homeless population in Houston, â€Å"the public health epidemiology task of quantifying and tracking child and family homelessness over time has been complicated†¦by increasing rates of†¦shortages [in] affordableRead MoreUs Population Essay example1104 Words   |  5 PagesCharacteristics of the U.S. population in 2025 The United States is the third most populated country in the world. This country holds about 4.5% of the world’s population. The U.S. population is currently estimated to have 308.7 million persons. This number is more than double of the population from 1950. Besides the fact of the population has doubled its size, the population has also become qualitatively different from the one from 1950. As noted by the Population Reference BureauRead MorePestee Korea1648 Words   |  7 Pages |existing with North Korea|Strengthening relations with the EU Future risks | |reforms | |Uneasy relationship with North Korea | |Strong foreign policy and building | |Government supports FTA | |friendly relations with Europe | |No red-tape bureaucratic delays. | Read MoreChina Is Facing Following One Child Policy Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesfacing following one child policy Introduction China, a big country in terms of economy and total population, has been experiencing a dramatic demographic transition since 1979 when one child policy was implemented. Due to the concern that population growth can pose a threat to China’s economic development not only in the short-term but over the long term as well, the Chinese government adopted the strict birth control program, which is the one child policy. Under the policy, every Chinese family canRead MoreHome Visiting Nurse Services Of New York1127 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Visiting Nurse Services of New York, Lillian Wald, the founder, was the first public health nurse in the United States. Visiting Nurse Service of New York has been a vital part of New York’s public health infrastructure. In the textbook â€Å"Policy Politics† Mason and Parry state, â€Å"Lillian Wald started public health nursing, school nurse, and the visiting Nursing Service of New York to ensure that poor immigrants l iving on Manhattan’s Lower East Side had access to care.† (p.621)During theRead MoreMaster Of Nutrition Science Program1540 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent graduates who are passionate about nutrition, and who seek a world-class program without having to disrupt their life or career. The program offers an interdisciplinary curriculum of advanced study in nutrition science, global and US food policy, global nutrition programs, and applied research skills. Students can also choose from a variety of elective courses, tailoring their study to their interests or career objectives. Mission Statement The nutrition program equips the learners

Marketing Strategy Development The Coca-Cola Company

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Strategy Developmentfor the Coca-Cola Company. Answer: Introduction Coca-Cola is an American non-alcoholic beverage company founded in 1886 with Atlanta, GA., USA as the headquarters. They boasted of about 123,200 in 2015 and annual revenue of about US $ 44.294 billion (Wang, 2015). It is present in over 400 beverage brands including Maaza, Coke, Coke-zero, Sprite and Kinley; in about 200 countries worldwide. The company has distribution channels spread in these countries except in both Cuba and the North Korean republic. Coca-Colas mission is to refresh the world in mind, body and spirit and further to inspire moments of optimism and happiness through our brands and actions. The company values include collaboration with stakeholders, integrity, accountability, passion, diversity and quality (Waldemer, 2008). The company uses slogans such as creating value and making a difference in order to communicate its purpose in the markets within different countries. Coca-Cola uses two market orientation strategies; product, and market orientation. For product orientation, it focuses on uniform but high quality production process and products. The company protects its trademark by using a uniform formula for its beverages not accessible to its competitors (Sundar, 2012). For market orientation, Coca-Cola continuously reviews identified needs among the consumers and analyses them. Coca-Cola brand motivates buyers to purchase the companys products world over, creates customer loyalty, confirms the companys credibility and further, connects the target customers with the Coca-Cola products and services. 5Cs Analysis for Coca Cola Company SWOT Analysis First, Coca-Colas s major strengths and key resources include its worldwide presence, the large network of product distribution, customer loyalty and its marketing orientation strategies. Further, its large market share to date gives the company huge yearly revenue approximated at US $ 44.294 billion in 2015. The companys weaknesses include growing health concerns on carbonated beverages, considered unhealthy (Waldemer, 2008). The fluctuation in foreign currency also affects the returns of the company in these countries. Further, the company currently is affected by water scarcity in countries where droughts are rampant. This also has led to a preference of bottled water produced by other companies other than the companys carbonated drinks. Despite the above weaknesses, Coca Cola boasts of opportunities including huge markets in developing countries, opportunities to venture in packaged water sale, and the continuously improving road networks (Sundar, 2012). This increases the compan ys potential to expand its distribution channels further and cheaply. Threats facing the company include competition from Pepsi and other smaller companies, water scarcity, continuous preference for noncarbonated drinks. Other threats include the deterioration of dollar value in several developing countries and further, the possibility of entry of other new firms. Customers Coca-Colas customers include people of all ages including children and adults from all races and gender. The products are bought by different classes of people all over the world. However, majority of the customers are from either middle or high class as they have enough money to spend on luxuries (Waldemer, 2008). The company also trades in fruit juices and diet drinks in order to cater for the needs of the wide range of customers. Thus, the typical behaviour of these customers includes a liking for refreshments and beverages. Collaborators The major suppliers to the Coca Coal Company include the NutraSweet Company, Ajimoto Company Inc., both of which are the primary sources of aspartame, a sweetener, among other ingredients. Other suppliers include Tate Lyle PLC, chemical manufacturing industry suppliers, containers and packaging suppliers, suppliers from the food industry and further, suppliers of scientific and/or technical instruments. Competitors Competitors of the Coca Cola Company include the Monster Beverage Corporation, Pepsi Company, Dr Pepper Snapple Inc., and the Suntory Beverage Food Limited. The competitors also deal in the sale of non-alcoholic beverages using their own brands. However, Coca Cola brands stand out as the most valuable beverages in the market. The growing popularity of some of these brands worldwide poses a threat to Coca-Cola as they are venturing also in noncarbonated non-alcoholic drinks. Context While Coca-Cola faces little political impacts, its distribution channels get affected in times of political turmoil in market states. The company ensures that its dealers operate legally across the world and thus little legal problems for the company (French Gordon, 2015). The customers are currently more health-conscious thus particular in the type of beverages they purchase. Coca-Cola also contributes heavily to charity. Technological factors include research and development of novel products, high-rate technological changes, automation of process and innovation. This has enabled Coca-Cola to be very efficient and thus ahead of its competitors in addition to its worldwide presence. How the Coca-Cola Collects Info on the 5Cs The Coca-Cola Company has a global research and development department with 6 branches across the world. This particular department is headed currently by Nancy Quan, who is the Global Research Development Officer. The six worldwide research centres have been usually linked to hubs of external technology assessment and/or acquisition (Foster, 2014). These connect Coca-Cola to potential partners, other entrepreneurs, technological start-ups and researchers in the universities. The company utilizes a well distributed, connected and shared Research and development model. This helps the company to understand any emerging needs of customers across the world, the performance of the companys products in comparison to that of competitors like Pepsi Co, Dr Pepper Snapple Inc. among others. Each of the six Coca-Cola research centres closely work with the existing regional marketing teams so as to address the local-based needs while focussing on particular areas of innovation (Elmore, 2013). T he company boasts of now reaching the worldwide market with full understanding of customer needs and preferences as compared to the strategies used by the competitors. The network of the RD centres and its collaboration with marketing teams enable the company to address the track a change in the business context. Political, technological, legal and economic factors are monitored by these teams and thus provide possible solutions to the company. The centres also have enabled the company to develop and launch novel technologies (Elmore, 2013). One of the centres include the Shanghai RD centre which developed the Minute Maid Pulpy Orange Coca-Cola brand in China that later spread to other parts of the world as a partly juice drink. Further, the research centres enable the company to understand the role the collaborators including suppliers, partners, distributors and retailers play in towards the performance of the company brands across the world (French Gordon, 2015). Through time-to -time market research studies, the company is able to understand the factors influencing the performance of the collaborators in regard to the business context within their areas of jurisdiction(French Gordon, 2015). The company thus provides any necessary adjustments on its policies except that it remains steadfast to its values of integrity, accountability, and quality, among others. Worldwide suppliers of ingredients, technologies and consultancies are picked and/or appraised based on the recommendations of the marketing teams, technical staff and the information provided by the regional research and development centres. Developing Marketing Strategy Choice of Target Markets Choosing a target market for products and services includes deciding first on the general market and/or industry to pursue. In this case, the Coca-Cola Company mainly targets beverage consumers and thus remains in the non-alcoholic beverage industry. The target market for the Coca Cola product can be divided into smaller characteristics in regard to the customers. Geographically, the company can sell its products in any part of the world. This is because currently, it has presence in more than 200 states except Cuba and North Korea (Elmore, 2013). Demographically the beverage company can sell its products to people of all ages including children and adults. Demographics of the market thus favor the company as it has a worldwide acceptance. Majority of the customers are however from the middle and high class as they are the ones who can afford the beverages as a luxury. In regard to the buying situation, a company must clarify the desired benefits of the products and services to be of fered to the customers (Elmore, 2013). Among the desired benefits of Coca Cola beverages include health benefits through Diet Coke that has nutritious value. The company also can sell its branded fruit juices like Minute Maid among other noncarbonated products. Customers buy the products, when they first asses their condition. Value Proposition for the Target Market According to Foster (2014), value proposition refers to the set of benefits which can satisfy the existing consumer needs. The components of value proposition include the products/services being offered to the target market, the target market itself, and further, the value that the services/products provide. These include for instance, saving on time, saving on expenditure and improving individuals health. Coca-Cola drinks provide benefits such as quenching thirst using non-alcoholic drinks, drinks for energy, nutritious value of the Diet Coke. The products are also relatively cheap and provided in different quantities for affordable purchase. Consumers thus, safe money through purchasing coke products which offers cheaper and standard prices for them The Positioning Statement for the Target Markets A properly conceived positioning statement comprises first, the target market and thus describes the attitude and demographic factors. Secondly, it should delineate reference frame. Thirdly, it should point out the benefits of products. Further, positioning statement provides potential consumers with reasons that can make them believe that the brands in the market can deliver the promises (Foster, 2014). Coca-Cola Company has individual brand positioning statements, except the general positioning statement of the company; creating value and making a difference. Another slogan reads to inspire moments of optimism and happiness through our brands and actions (Foster, 2014). These slogans not only target the customers but the collaborators of the company to relevant action; purchase and due supply respectively. Developing Marketing Tactics The Marketing Mix Product In working out an effective mix, companies must first, provide quality products to the market made using high quality raw materials. High quality services and products must be considered (Collier, 2014). A business must provide products in different quantities and types in order to fit all the options of the target market. Brand names should also be made special but easy for customers to grasp. The name of a brand may match its characteristics and the target audience preferences. For instance Diet Coke or Coke Zero refers to Coca-Cola brands which offer nutritious benefits and contains zero sugar respectively (Sundar, 2012). Packaging of the products must be done using high quality containers and effectively in order to instill confidence in the consumers of the products. Timely quality services remains a major requirement for businesses and this is part of Coca-Colas main strength as it offers its services all over in its areas of reach (Solis, 2011). Through its distributors and af filiated local retailers, the company is able to also provide warranty to its products. Any bottled beverage that shows signs of breakages and expiry is returned to the regional bottling companies and replaced. Price Setting of prices for products must consider a number of factors. First, a business must consider the quantity of goods and the extent of services provided and assigns them the right price. If the prices are not regulated, the company has a moral responsibility to avoid over-pricing of goods (Solis, 2011). Secondly, discounts must be considered for purchases made in bulk and/or where the company has middle men who take the goods and services to the market. The discounts allow the retailers and distributors to make their own profits while earning the company due revenue. The Coca Cola Company offers discounts to its distributors and retailers worldwide by lowering the prices of their products in the production industries to allow them trade in the market. Being the most valuable non-alcoholic beverage brand, Coca-Cola sets its prices in line with the quantity, and most of its products are affordable to even lower class consumers (French Gordon, 2015). Businesses require credit servic es and this must be considered in pricing of products for sales. Coca Cola like other companies sometimes allow distributors and retailers to take products in bulk on credit terms and agree on later but assured payments. However, quick payments for consumers at the end of the supply chain are preferred as buyers buy direct from retailers and small scale beverage vendors in the localities. Place Place in this context describes the need for strategic product /service positioning. Using wholesalers and retailers is encouraged for huge businesses. They aid in distribution and sale of products on behalf of a business (Blythe, 2009). More wholesalers and retailers reflect boosts the potential of making more profits from the business. This also reflects a high demand for the products, which calls for a higher supply of the same. The Coca Cola Company has a wide market and a high demand that is relatively stable across the world. The favorable business situation in majority of the countries it exists in has made the company have many retailers and wholesalers for its products. The company has numerous subsidiary distribution companies that feed the wholesalers and retailers with the company products (Collier, 2014). The length of a distribution channel influences the efficiency of marketing tactics. While the company is based in the US, it sells its standardized ingredients to regi on-based bottling companies which they certify to manufacture and sell their products. These final products are thus distributed locally to the customers in most areas in the worldwide market. Transportation is thus done distributors who apply to the marketing teams and local Coca Cola bottling companies for permission to distribute the products at a particular fee and discount. Promotion Businesses can promote their market deliverables through the use of different media alternatives available (Blythe, 2009). These include Television, radio, magazines, newspapers, billboards among others. The coca Cola company also relies on these media alternatives to reach its potential and loyal customers across the world. The company prepares regional media promotional messages on its brands depending on the type of language spoken within the areas targeted by the company marketing teams. The messages must thus be clear and easy to understand, incorporated with the positioning statements and slogans. The Coca Cola Company is in charge of its worldwide media budget and thus enables its subsidiary companies to have their goods locally and internationally recognized (Collier, 2014). Personal selling is also important and it has been embraced in the Coca Cola Company through allowing vending of Coke products. Sales promotions are done through roadshows in urban centers and even in rur al areas. A companys management must ensure that the sales promotion being carried out is effective within the area. References Blythe, Jim (2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd. Collier, K. (2014). A Case Study on Corporate Peace: The Coca-Cola Company: Coke Studio Pakistan. Business, Peace and Sustainable Development, 2014(2), pp.75-94. Elmore, B. (2013). Citizen Coke: An Environmental and Political History of the Coca-Cola Company. Enterprise and Society, 14(4), pp.717-731. Foster, R. (2014). Corporations as Partners: Connected Capitalism and the Coca-Cola Company. PoLAR, 37(2), pp.246-258. French, Jeff and Ross Gordon (2015)"Strategic Social Marketing, SAGE Publications Inc., p.90. Kotler, Philip (2012). Marketing Management. Pearson Education. p.25 Moodie, E. (2006). Microbus crashes and Coca-Cola cash. American Ethnologist, 33(1), pp.63-80. Sara Uslusoy, B. (2015). Cultural Hybridity Analysis: Coca Cola Tv Commercial Case. International Peer-Reviewed Journal Of Communication And Humanities Researches, (9), Pp.157-157. Shimizu, Koichi (2014) "Advertising Theory and Strategies,"(Japanese) 18th edition, Souseisha Book Company (ISBN 4-7944-2132-X) pp.63-102. Solis, Brian (2011) Engage!: The Complete Guide for Brands and Businesses to Build, Cultivate, and Measure Success in the New Web, John Wiley Sons, Inc. pp. 201202. Sundar, D. (2012). Unleashing the Entrepreneurial Potential of Women:initiative of Coca Cola Company. GJRA, 3(8), pp.1-3. Waldemer, T. (2008). Imperfect Harmony: Coca-cola and the Cannibal Metaphor in ibeba coca cola, Sangue de Coca-Cola/i, and iA Hora da estrela/i. Hispanfila, 153(1), pp.97-108. Wang, M. (2015). Brief Analysis of Sports Marketing Strategy Adopted by Coca Cola Company. Asian Social Science, 11(23).

Avon, Mary Kay and Estee Lauder Resume Animal Testing

Avon, Mary Kay and Estee Lauder Resume Animal Testing In February of 2012, PETA discovered that Avon, Mary Kay, and Estee Lauder had resumed animal testing. The three companies had each been cruelty-free for over 20 years, but since China requires cosmetics to be tested on animals, all three companies now pay for their products to be tested on animals. For a short while, Urban Decay also planned to start animal testing but announced in July of 2012 that they would not test on animals and would not sell in China. While none of these are completely vegan companies, they have been considered cruelty-free because they did not test on animals. Urban Decay takes the extra step of identifying vegan products with a purple paw symbol, but not all Urban Decay products are vegan. Testing cosmetics and personal care products on animals are not required by U.S. law unless the product contains a new chemical. In 2009, the European Union banned cosmetics testing on animals, and that ban went into full effect in 2013. In 2011, U.K. officials announced an intention to ban animal testing of household products, but that ban has not yet been enacted. Avon and Animal Testing Avons animal welfare policy now states: Some select products may be required by law in a few countries to undergo additional safety testing, which potentially includes animal testing, under the directive of a government or health agency. In these instances, Avon will first attempt to persuade the requesting authority to accept non-animal test data. When those attempts are unsuccessful, Avon must abide by local laws and submit the products for additional testing. According to Avon, testing their products on animals for these foreign markets is not new, but it appears that PETA removed them from the cruelty-free list because PETA has become more aggressive advocates in the global arena. Avons Breast Cancer Crusade (funded by Avons popular breast cancer walk) is on the Humane Seal list of approved charities that dont fund animal research. Estee Lauder Estee Lauders animal testing statement reads, We do not conduct animal testing on our products or ingredients, nor ask others to test on our behalf, except when required by law. Mary Kay Mary Kays animal testing policy explains: Mary Kay does not conduct animal testing on its products or ingredients, nor ask others to do so on its behalf, except when absolutely required by law. There is only one country where the company operates – among more than 35 around the world – where that is the case and where the company is required by law to submit products for testing – China. Urban Decay Of the four companies, Urban Decay had had the most support in the vegan/animal rights community because they identify their vegan products with a purple paw symbol. The company even distributes free samples through The Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics, which certifies cruelty-free companies with their Leaping Bunny symbol. While Avon, Mary Kay, and Estee Lauder may have offered some vegan products, they had not specifically marketed those products to vegans and did not make it easy to identify their vegan products. Urban Decay had planned to sell their products in China, but received so much negative feedback, the company reconsidered: After careful consideration of many issues, we have decided not to start selling Urban Decay products in China . . . Following our initial announcement, we realized that we needed to step back, carefully review our original plan, and talk to a number of individuals and organizations that were interested in our decision. We regret that we were unable to respond immediately to many of the questions we received, and appreciate the patience our customers have shown as we worked through this difficult issue. Urban Decay is now back on the Leaping Bunny list and PETAs cruelty-free list. While Avon, Estee Lauder, and Mary Kay claim to oppose animal testing, as long as they are paying for animal tests anywhere in the world, they can no longer be considered cruelty-free.

The Currency Act of 1764

The Currency Act of 1764 The Currency Act of 1764 was the second and most impactful of two laws passed by the British government during the reign of King George III that attempted to take total control of the monetary systems of all 13 colonies of British America. Passed by Parliament on September 1, 1764, the act extended the restrictions of the Currency Act of 1751 to all 13 of the American British colonies. It eased the earlier Currency Act’s prohibition against printing of new paper bills, but it did prevent the colonies from repaying future debts with paper bills. Parliament had always envisioned that its American colonies should use a monetary system similar, if not identical, to the British system of â€Å"hard currency† based on the pound sterling. Feeling that it would be too hard for it to regulate colonial paper money, Parliament chose to simply declare it worthless instead. The colonies felt devastated by this and protested angrily against the act. Already suffering a deep trade deficit with Great Britain, colonial merchants feared the lack of their own hard capital would make the situation even more desperate. The Currency Act exacerbated tensions between the colonies and Great Britain and is considered to be one of the many grievances that led to the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence. Economic Problems in the Colonies Having expended almost all of their monetary resources buying expensive imported goods, the early colonies struggled to keep money in circulation. Lacking a form of exchange that did not suffer from depreciation, the colonists depended largely on three forms of currency: Money in the form of locally-produced commodities, like tobacco, used as a means of exchange.Paper money in the form of a bill of exchange or a banknote backed by the value of land owned by an individual.â€Å"Specie† or gold or silver money. As international economic factors caused the availability of specie in the colonies to decrease, many colonists turned to bartering - trading goods or services between two or more parties without the use of money. When bartering proved too limited, the colonists turned to using commodities - mainly tobacco - as money.  However, only poorer quality tobacco ended up being circulated among the colonists, with the higher quality leaves were exported for greater profit. In the face of growing colonial debts, the commodity system soon proved ineffective. Massachusetts became the first colony to issue paper money in 1690, and by 1715, ten of the 13 colonies were issuing their own currency. But the colonies’ money woes were far from over. As the amount of gold and silver needed to back them began to dwindle, so did the actual value of the paper bills. By 1740, for example, a Rhode Island bill of exchange was worth less than 4% of its face value. Worse yet, this rate of the actual value of paper money varied from colony-to-colony. With the amount of printed money growing faster than the overall economy, hyperinflation quickly reduced the buying power of the colonial currency. Forced to accept the depreciated colonial currency as a repayment of debts, British merchants lobbied Parliament to enact the Currency Acts of 1751 and 1764. The Currency Act of 1751 The first Currency Act banned only the New England colonies from printing paper money and from opening new public banks. These colonies had issued paper money mainly to repay their debts to for British and French military protection during the French and Indian Wars. However, years of depreciation had caused the New England colonies’ â€Å"bills of credit† to be worth far less than the silver-backed British pound. Being forced to accept the heavily depreciated New England bills of credit as payment of colonial debts was particularly harmful to British merchants. While the Currency Act of 1751 allowed the New England colonies to continue using their existing bills to be used to pay public debts, like British taxes, it prohibited them from using the bills to pay private debts, such as those to merchants. The Currency Act of 1764 The Currency Act of 1764 extended the restrictions of the Currency Act of 1751 to all 13 of the American British colonies. While it eased the earlier Act’s prohibition against of the printing of new paper bills, it did forbid the colonies from using any future bills for payment of all public and private debts. As a result, the only way the colonies could repay their debts to Britain was with gold or silver. As their supplies of gold and silver rapidly dwindled, this policy created severe financial hardships for the colonies. For the next nine years, English colonial agents in London, including no less than Benjamin Franklin, lobbied Parliament to repeal the Currency Act. Point Made, England Backs Down In 1770, the New York colony informed Parliament that difficulties caused by the Currency Act would prevent it from being able to pay for housing British troops as required by the also unpopular Quartering Act of 1765.  One of the so-called â€Å"Intolerable Acts,† the Quartering  Act forced the colonies to house British soldiers in barracks provided by the colonies. Faced with that expensive possibility, Parliament authorized the New York colony to issues  £120,000 in paper bills for the payment of public, but not private debts. In 1773, Parliament amended the Currency Act of 1764 to allow all of the colonies to issue paper money for the payment of public debts - especially those owed to the British Crown. In the end, while the colonies had reclaimed at least a limited right to issue paper money, Parliament had reinforced its authority over its colonial governments. Legacy of the Currency Acts While both sides managed to temporarily move on from the Currency Acts, they contributed substantially to the growing tensions between the colonists and Britain. When the First Continental Congress issued a Declaration of Rights in 1774, delegates included the Currency Act of 1764 as one of the seven British Acts labeled as â€Å"subversive of American rights.† An Excerpt From the Currency Act of 1764 WHEREAS great quantities of paper bills of credit have been created and issued in his Majestys colonies or plantations in America, by virtue of acts, orders, resolutions, or votes of assembly, making and declaring such bills of credit to be legal tender in payment of money: and whereas such bills of credit have greatly depreciated in their value, by means whereof debts have been discharged with a much less value than was contracted for, to the great discouragement and prejudice of the trade and commerce of his Majestys subjects, by occasioning confusion in dealings, and lessening credit in the said colonies or plantations: for remedy whereof, may it please your most excellent Majesty, that it may be enacted; and be it enacted by the Kings most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in this present parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, That from and after the first day of September, one thousand seven h undred and sixty four, no act, order, resolution, or vote of assembly, in any of his Majestys colonies or plantations in America, shall be made, for creating or issuing any paper bills, or bills of credit of any kind or denomination whatsoever, declaring such paper bills, or bills of credit, to be legal tender in payment of any bargains, contracts, debts, dues, or demands whatsoever; and every clause or provision which shall hereafter be inserted in any act, order, resolution, or vote of assembly, contrary to this act, shall be null and void.

Marketing Mangement 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Mangement 3 - Essay Example Habitual: This book can be sold to people who like reading about their hobbies, that is cooking and gardening. For this segment, the book can be sold at original price with little more gardening or cooking tips added, so that these people won't think about buying the low price edition of the product. This segment can be effective reached by through advertising on TV channels which caters to the needs of these types of individuals, magazines or any other means which may reach them. Geographic: This book will be more effective for people living in these geographical areas where natural factors are conducive for farming or gardening. These people can be effectively reached by holding certain PR activities where they are told that their land is quite fertile and the book may help them well. Unemployed: This book will touch the aspirations of unemployed people as they have limited income to feed their family. This book will guide them of the techniques of feeding their families on low income and they will be attracted towards the book. This segment can be effectively reached by advertising in job search centers, job search magazine etc.

Noncoercive paraphillias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Noncoercive paraphillias - Essay Example When the item is not present it likely leads to erectile dysfunction. This must be causing distress in the individual’s life to be diagnosed. This disorder tends to start in adolescence and is usually chronic (DSM, 2000). This disorder involves cross dressing. Usually it is a male dressing in women’s clothing. While dressed as a woman he usually masturbates imagining himself as both partners in the sex act. This is not to be confused with a gender identity disorder. These individual prefer heterosexual relationships when they are not cross dressing. Generally the desire to cross dress diminishes with age or it may turn into gender dysphoria (2000). Sexual Masochism involved an individual being humiliated, beaten, bound or made to suffer in some while during sexual intercourse or masturbation. This is all done to the paraphiliac either by himself or by having a partner help perform the acts. One very dangerous behavior involved in this is hypoxyphilia which is depriving them self of oxygen with can and has caused death (2000) Sadism is when the paraphiliac derives sexual excitement form the psychological or physical suffering of a victim. Some individual with paraphilia are bothered by their sadistic fantasies which may happen during sexual activities but they do not act upon. These fantasies generally involve having complete control over their victim. At times a masochist and a sadist may join in consenting behaviors. Some can, however, perpetrate these fantasies upon others and when that happens they generally do not stop until caught (Weinstein & Rosen, 2004). It is thought that this behavior is related to childhood experience. It may also be related to a neruopsychosociological need for heightened arousal. It may be an escape from rigidly controlled everyday roles, a punishment for sexual activity or guilt relief. Domination in known to relieve feelings of inadequacy

Comparative Study of Advanced Classification Methods

Comparative Study of Advanced Classification Methods CHAPTER 7 TESTING AND RESULTS 7.0 Introduction to Software Testing Software testing is the process of executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors or termed as bugs or, it involves any activity aimed at evaluating an attribute or capability of programming system and determining that it meets its required results. Software bugs will almost always exist in any software module with moderate size: not because programmers are careless or irresponsible, but because the complexity of software is generally intractable and humans have only limited ability to manage complexity. It is also true that for any complex systems, design defects can never be completely ruled out. 7.2 Testing Process The basic goal of the software development process is to produce data that has no errors or very few errors. In an effort to detect errors soon after they are introduced, each phase ends with a verification activity such as review. However, most of these verification activities in the early phases of software development are based on human evaluation and cannot detect all errors. The testing process starts with a test plan. The test plan specifies all the test cases required. Then the test unit is executed with the test cases. Reports are produced and analyzed. When testing of some unit complete, these tested units can be combined with other untested modules to form new test units. Testing of any units involves the following: Plan test cases Execute test cases and Evaluate the result of the testing 7.3 Development of Test Cases A test case in software engineering is a set of conditions or variables under which a tester will determine whether an application or software system is correctly working or not. The mechanism for determining whether a software program or system has passed or failed such a test is known as a test oracle. Test Cases follow certain format, given as follows: Test case id: Every test case has an identifier uniquely associated with certain format. This id is used to track the test case in the system upon execution. Similar test case id is used in defining test script. Test case Description: Every test case has a description, which describes what functionality of software to be tested. Test Category: Test category defines business test case category like functional tests, negative test, accessibility test usually these are associated with test case id. Expected result and the actual result: These are implemented within respective API. As the testing is done for the web application, actual result will be available within the web page. Pass/fail: Result of the test case is either pass or fail. Validation occurs based on expected and actual result. If expected and actual results are same then test case passes or else failure occurs in test cases. 7.4 Testing of Application Software The various testing done on application software is as follows. Integration Testing 7.4.1 Integration Testing In this phase of software testing individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. The purpose of integration testing is to verify functional, performance and reliability requirements placed on major design items. These â€Å"design items†, i.e. assemblages (or unit group of units), are exercised through their interfaces using black box testing, success and error cases being simulated via appropriate parameter and data inputs. Simulated usage of shared data areas and inter process communication is tested and individual subsystems are exercised through their input interface. Test cases are constructed to test that all components within assemblages interact correctly, for example across procedure calls or process activations, and this is done after testing individual modules, i.e. unit testing. The overall idea is a â€Å"building block† approach, in which verified assemblages are added to a verified base which is then used to support the integration testing of further assemblages, In this approach, all or most of the developed modules are coupled together to form a complete software system or major part of the system and then used for integration testing. Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while at the same time conducting test to uncover errors associated with interfacing. The objective is to take unit-tested modules and build a program structure that has been dictated by design. The top-down approach to integration testing requires the highest-level modules be tested and integrated first. This allows high-level logic and data flow to be tested early in the process and it tends to minimize the need for drivers. The bottom-up approach requires the lowest-level units be tested and integrated first. These units are frequently referred to as utility modules. By using this approach, utility modules are tested early in the development process and the need for stubs is minimized. The third approach, sometimes referred to as the umbrella approach, requires testing along functional data and control-flow paths. First, the inputs for functions are integrated in the bottom-up pattern. 7.4.1.1 Test Cases for Support Vector Machine Support Vector Machine is tested for the attributes which fall only on positive side of hyperplane, attributes which fall only on negative side of hyperplane, attributes which fall on both positive and negative side of hyperplane and the attributes which fall on the hyperplane. The expected results match with the actual results. Table 7.1: Test Cases for Support Vector Machine 7.4.1.2 Test Cases for Naive Bayes Classifier Naive Bayes Classifier is tested for the attributes which belongs to only class ‘1’, attributes which belongs to only class ‘-1’, attributes which belongs to both class ‘1’ and class ‘-1’. The expected results match with the actual results. Table 7.2 Test Cases for Naive Bayes Classifier 7.5 Testing Results of Case Studies A particular example of something used or analyzed in order to depict a thesis or principle. It is a documented study of real life situation or of an imaginary scenario. 7.5.1 Problem Statement: Haberman Dataset Haberman data set contains cases from the University of Chicagos Billings Hospital on the survival of patients who had undergone surgery for breast cancer. The task is to determine if the patient survived 5 years or longer (positive) or if the patient died within 5 year (negative). @relation haberman @attribute Age integer [30, 83] @attribute Year integer [58, 69] @attribute Positive integer [0, 52] @attribute Survival {positive, negative} @inputs Age, Year, Positive @outputs Survival Training SetTest Set Weight vector and gamma w =0.09910.07750.2813 gamma = 0.3742 Predicted Class label of test set Confusion matrix of the classifier True Positive(TP)=8.000000False Negative(FN)=27.000000 False Positive(FP)=8.000000True Negative(TN)=110.000000 AUC of Classifier = 0.517792 Accuracy of classifier = 77.124183Error rate of classifier = 22.875817 F_score=31.372549Precision=50.0Recall=22.857143Specificity=93.220339 Confusion Matrix for SVM Fig 7.1: Bar chart of SVM for various Performance Metric Predicted Class Label of Naive Bayes Classifier True Positive(TP)=10.000000False Negative(FN)=25.000000 False Positive(FP)=11.000000True Negative(TN)=107.000000 AUC of Classifier = 0.5202 Accuracy of Classifier =76.4706Error Rate of Classifier = 23.5294 F_score=35.7143Precision=47.6191Recall=28.5714Specificity=90.678 Confusion Matrix for NBC Fig 7.2: Bar Chart of NBC for various Performance Metric Tab 7.3: Comparison of SVM and NBC for various Performance Metric Fig 7.3: Bar Chart for Comparison of SVM and NBC 7.5.2 Titanic Data set The titanic dataset gives the values of four attributes. The attributes are social class (first class, second class, third class, and crew member), age (adult or child), sex, and whether or not the person survived. @relation titanic @attribute Class real[-1.87,0.965] @attribute Age real[-0.228,4.38] @attribute Sex real[-1.92,0.521] @attribute Survived {-1.0,1.0} @inputs Class, Age, Sex @outputs Survived Training SetTest Set w = -0.10250.0431 -0.3983 gamma = 0.3141 Predicted Class label of test set confusion matrix of the classifier True Positive(TP)=154.000000False Negative(FN)=181.000000 False Positive(FP)=64.000000True Negative(TN)=701.000000 AUC of Classifier=0.426392 Accuracy of classifier in test set is=77.727273 Error rate of classifier in test set is=22.272727 F_score=55.696203precision=70.642202Recall=45.970149specificity=91.633987 Confusion Matrix for SVM Fig 7.4 Bar chart of SVM for various Performance Metric Predicted Class label of Naive Bayes Classifier True Positive(TP)=197.000000False Negative(FN)=138.000000 False Positive(FP)=148.000000True Negative(TN)=617.000000 AUC of Classifier = 0.4782 Accuracy of Classifier = 74Error Rate of Classifier = 26 F_Score = 57.9412Precision = 57.1015Recall = 58.806Specificity = 80.6536 Confusion Matrix for NBC Fig 7.5 Bar chart of NBC for various Performance Metric Tab 7.4: Comparison of SVM and NBC for various Performance Metric Fig 7.6 Bar Chart for Comparison of SVM and NBC Department of CSE, RNSIT2014-15Page 1

Team Based Organizations Essay -- GCSE Business Management

Team Based Organizations Introduction A team is a small group of people with complementary skills who work actively together to achieve a common purpose for which they hold themselves collectively accountable. In today’s society, there can be several different factors that are associated for a group of people to become a high performance team. For a team to achieve great performance, and deliver real benefits to the organization, they have to be able to distinguish their strengths and weaknesses. All teams need members who believe in team goals and are motivated to work with others actively to accomplish important tasks. A commitment to teamwork is found in the willingness of every member to listen and respond constructively to views expressed by others. High performance team has to give others the benefit of the doubt, provide support, and recognize the interests and achievements of others. These things are very essential for a team to be a high performance team in today’s competitive and changing business environment. High Performance Teams It takes a lot of work for a group of people to become a high performance team. High performance teams have special characteristics that allow them to excel at teamwork and achieve special performance advantages. A team that is going to be a high performance team has to consist of strong core values that help guide their attitudes and behaviors in directions consistent with the team’s purpose. Another thing that a high performance teams do is to turn general sense of purpose into specific performance objectives. Whereas a shared sense of purpose gives general direction to a team, commitment to specific performance results makes this purpose truly meaningful. Moreover, members of high performance teams should have the right mix of skills, including technical skills, problem solving and decision making skills, and interpersonal skills. Lastly, anyone can easily ague that for a team to be a high performance team they have to be creative. In the new workplace, teams must use their creativity to assist organizations in continuous improvement of operations and in continuous development of new products, services, and markets. Diversity Climate Improving the diversity climate of an organization is through the implementation of teams. To conceive a better perspective of how diversity climate applies to organizing... ...s the group can gain from the complementarities among the skills of its members. Second, different skills of team members have to be relevant to one another. For example, complimenting someone may not occur, if the skills of one team member are not relevant to the productivity of a teammate. Third, good communication is necessary for any team members to perform the relevant joint tasks and engage in a knowledgeable process to be productive Conclusion Teams are the major forces behind today’s revolutionary changes in organizations. Team based organizations are becoming the management system of the future in today’s competitive business environment. To be a high performance team the proper skills need to be present. When it regards to teams being diverse, one must take into consideration the differences and use them to their advantage. In order to be able to successful run a business, there needs to be the distinction of what group of people is qualified and capable of doing what is right for the organization to succeed. References Katherine C. Naff, Richard C. Thompson. The Impact of Teams on the Climate for diversity in Government. http://www.hf.faa.gov. July 10, 2005.

Australian Identity: I Was Only Nineteen Analysis Essay

The text I have chosen to analyse in this written review is called ‘I Was Only Nineteen’, but also goes by the names ‘Only Nineteen’ and ‘A Walk in the Light Green’. It was composed by John Schumann, the lead singer/songwriter of the folk group Redgum. This examination will focus on topics such as the poetic techniques used, how Australian identity is portrayed, the effect the text has on the reader and my opinions. I Was Only Nineteen tells the story of an Australian digger’s experiences preparing for, fighting in, and reflecting upon the Vietnam War as an old man, psychologically and physically damaged from the chemical defoliant Agent Orange. Although it may seem like a long time ago – the war ended in mid 1975 – the scars it left behind will never fade. John Schumann uses numerous poetic devices throughout his hit song. The most frequently used techniques include rhyme (as is the same for most lyrical songs), repetition, rhetorical questions and multitudes of colloquialisms. Many of the mentioned techniques – as well as others in the song – provided the reader/listener with an opportunity to think about the theme of Australian identity. The colloquialisms applied to this ballad allow the reader to associate and relate to their own lifestyles in Australia. â€Å"Drinking tinnies†  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ an Australian vernacular term meaning ‘drinking cans of beer’ – connects with the stereotypically casual attitudes of pub attendees Down Under. Schumann’s broad Australian accent for the entirety of this piece also expresses a feeling of Australia. Schumann makes a habit of mentioning genuine Australian and Vietnamese locations. â€Å"Puckapunyal†, â€Å"Canungra†, â€Å"Shoalwater†, â€Å"Townsville†, â€Å"Nui Dat† and â€Å"Vung Tau† are some of the several places noted in this song. By citing factual towns/cities, Schumann creates yet another bond with the audience, as most members would have heard of at least one of these before. The rhetorical questions used in this have Australian aspects to them. Schumann quotes â€Å"the Channel Seven chopper chills me to my feet†, Channel Seven being a very well known Australian television channel. By bringing up well known Australian icons and brands, the author involves himself with the audience. Although subtle, Australians can also relate to the line â€Å"Frankie kicked a mine the day that mankind kicked the moon†. This particular sentence describes the historical event in which humankind first set foot on the moon: â€Å"kicked the moon†. This is an allusion that many Aussies – especially those who watched the 1969 moonwalk on their TVs – would understand and could pertain to. Through the use of poetic devices, the author has successfully encouraged the audience to explore their thoughts on Australian identity and to reflect on our nation’s history. Second paragraph: The language and tone of ‘I Was Only Nineteen’ is solemn and reflective of the past. John Schumann has used various types of vocabulary to show this. Schumann’s wording of this text is well planned and thoroughly thought out. Sentences in this piece frequently begin with ‘And’, implying that the author is not yet done telling his story. In a way it symbolises that the pain of the war never ended, it is still continuing on. The chorus line â€Å"God help me, I was only nineteen† is a fundamental part of this song. It expresses the innocence and childhood that was lost by thousands of involuntary Australian soldiers during the war. This exact line is repeated four times throughout the song. On one occasion it is slightly changed to â€Å"God help me, he was going home in June†. This change, although only minor, adds more emotional significance to the statement whilst still continuing on the idea of lost innocence. Repetition of the same word (also known as anaphora) generates a sense of emotion and draws the reader/listener in – waiting for the next addition to the story. The phrase â€Å"an Asian orange sunset through the scrub† has double meaning, the obvious one being the colour of the sky at that point in time. But when more research is conducted, it becomes evident that it could also be hinting at ‘Agent Orange’, one of the herbicides/defoliants used by the US military during the war. It killed the foliage of the Vietnamese forests so as to prevent the Viet Cong from taking cover in the trees. Approximately 1 million people – including Australians – are disabled or have health issues due to Agent Orange. The theme of mateship and strong loyalty is also evident. Schumann says that he can still â€Å"see† and â€Å"hear Frankie†, implying that although Frankie lost his life, he will never be forgotten. â€Å"But you wouldn’t let your mates down ‘til they had you dusted off† also speaks of the fondness the author had for his fellow soldiers, dusted off being the military term for medical evacuation of wounded via helicopter. Again, Australian identity comes into play: the characteristic of utter loyalty hat Australians are renowned for. On the whole, the vocabulary used in this song carries with it a wide range of emotional value and deeper meanings (these aspects become especially evident when the text is explored and broken down). The structure of this song is constantly that of a quatrain. The rhyming scheme follows no specific pattern, but commonly exists in the form of ABAB and AAAA. A notably identifiable characteristic of this piece is the way the story is set out. The majority of the paragraphs feature a diverse location and emotion of the crowd. The opening stanza states that â€Å"Mum and Dad and Denny saw the passing out parade at Puckapunyal†. The setting of this verse is Puckapunyal and addresses the family members of the protagonist. The tempo is moderately slow and the feeling in the atmosphere is one of speculation for the unknown future to come, but also apprehension – â€Å"It was a long march from cadets† and a slight amount of self-doubt. In the second verse, the cadence speeds up and a sense of excitement begins to build. The thought of being amidst the action of the Vietnam War becomes very real and very near. This verse is the debut of the chorus line â€Å"God help me, I was only nineteen† – an appropriate time, due to the nigh possibility of death. â€Å"Townsville lined the footpaths as we marched down to the quay† mentions the Queensland city and its inhabitants. There are many other examples of this throughout the song, including Vung Tau and the maturity with which it is spoken of (in the third verse), the Vietnamese jungle and the living with the fear that â€Å"each step could mean your last one on two legs† (stanzas five and six) and back home in Australia, reflecting on the war and its events (eight and nine). The author has purposely made the shortest lines (6-7 words and 8-9 syllables) the most powerful. â€Å"It was a war within yourself† – one of the shortest lines – metaphorically describes how the overwhelming sensations of the war threatened at every moment to take over your soul. There are nine stanzas, each consisting of four lines. Although it may not seem like it, this layout is actually for a reason. The song Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin contains long verses, sometimes as long as nine lines, which creates a flowing story and often doesn’t give the audience a chance to consider the impact of the lyrics. However, I Was Only Nineteen, with its four line verses, permits the readers and listeners to reflect and contemplate the meaning and poignancy of the stanza in the pause that follows. The flatness and monotony of Schumann in the song mirrors the futility and fatalistic attitudes of the Vietnam soldiers. They were well known for their ‘live every day as if it were your last’ approach on life. Many combatants, as young as fourteen (this was an illegal age and they used false documents) had no plans for the future, apart from having fun whilst they were still living. To many Australian citizens back then – and still now, the Vietnam War was pointless. Some say it wasn’t worth more than six million lives (civilian and military) just to stop North Vietnam’s communisation from taking over, others say otherwise. Although we will never truly known what it was like, Schumann’s writing allows us as readers/listeners to experience a smidgen of what it would have been like. Schumann has evidently spent time assembling the superlatively set-out structure, as this greatly impacted on his audience, including myself. After studying this text, I have developed a much greater and more profound respect for the Vietnam veterans. It isn’t spoken of much – not compared to the World Wars. These men and women were following instructions and it is not individuals who are to be blamed for the millions of casualties. Schumann has brilliantly yet terrifyingly depicted the horrors of war and the suffering endured by veterans for years – even decades after the fall of Saigon. His use of assorted poetic devices, intelligent and well-planned vocabulary and meaningful structure pave the way for a sure masterpiece.